ABSTRACT
Resumen El hospital Muñiz es una institución con patrimonio histórico, cultural y sanitario. Se realiza aquí un análisis histórico de las diferentes epidemias/pandemias y bro tes, valorando los manejos epidemiológicos (vigilancia, prevención, control y gestión de emergencias) en la institución y el porqué de su arquitectura. Para tal fin se lleva a cabo una revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre la historia del hospital Muñiz y sus referentes desde 1980 hasta 2023, siguiendo el formato PRISMA. Se encontraron 36 publicaciones que cumplieron con los criterios metodológicos y epidemiológicos requeridos. La revisión muestra los problemas relevantes en salud, los eventos presentes en una epidemia/pandemia, la importancia de medidas de prevención y de evaluar la necesidad de un sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica continuo, así como el aporte de referentes históricos metodológicos que permita obtener información útil en el área de salud. Hemos abordado grandes momentos históricos en la epidemiología explicando el manejo de las enfermedades o epidemias/pandemias en el hospital Muñiz, las cuales se relacionaron en gran medida a la sociedad de la época (paradigmas). Cabe resaltar que el crecimiento poblacional extendió las enfermedades a lo largo del planeta generando amenazas y que las epide mias/pandemias transformaron las sociedades y muy posiblemente han cambiado decisivamente el curso de la historia, tal como paso con la pandemia por COVID-19.
Abstract The Muñiz hospital is an institution with historical, cultural and health heritage. A historical analysis of the different epidemics/pandemics and outbreaks is carried out here, assessing the epidemiological man agement (surveillance, prevention, control and emer gency management) in the institution and the reason for its architecture. To this end, a systematic review of the literature on the history of the Muñiz hospital and its references was carried out, since 1980 to 2023, following the PRISMA format. Thirty-six publications were found that met the required methodological and epidemiological criteria. The review shows the relevant health problems, the events present in an epidemic/ pandemic, the importance of preventive measures and to assess the need for a continuous epidemiological surveillance system, as well as the contribution of historical methodological references that allow obtaining useful information in the health area. We have addressed great historical moments in epidemiology, explaining the management of diseases or epidemics/pandemics at the Muñiz hospital, which were largely related to the society of the time (paradigms). It should be noted that population growth spread diseases throughout the planet, generating threats, and that epidemics/pan demics transformed societies and quite possibly have decisively changed the course of history, as happened with the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cholera is a preventable disease, still it remains a major public health problem among developing countries like India. Access to safe water and a sanitary environment can easily control many gastrointestinal infections including Cholera. In the last week of June 2021 large number of acute diarrhoeal cases were reported which was higher than expected subsequently confirmed as an outbreak of Cholera. Objective: To verify the diagnosis, identify risk factors and institute appropriate control measures to control the outbreak. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was undertaken to identify the time, place and personal distribution of the disease. Based on the findings of the descriptive study, sanitary survey and environmental examination a hypothesis was formulated. A case-control study was carried out to test a hypothesis Results: A total of 158 cholera cases were reported with one death. Male and females were affected equally. All age groups affected, 18.35% of the cases were reported among children aged 0-5 years old. It was a common source epidemic and water was source of infection. The water sample reported faecal contamination. Those households not using water purification methods were 1.454 times more affected (OR=1.454) than those using water purification methods. Conclusion: The Vibrio Cholerae bacterium caused the cholera outbreak in Nadiad. Infection was caused by contaminated drinking water.
ABSTRACT
Background & objectives: Atypical El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae are frequently implicated in outbreaks of cholera. It is important to understand genetic variations of such strains which impact clinical and epidemiological outcomes. The present study was carried out to characterize an outbreak of cholera which occurred between July 8 and 13, 2018, in a remote settlement in Nashik district, Maharashtra. Methods: A large number of acute diarrhoea cases were reported in Rahude village, Nashik, Maharashtra since July 8, 2018. Molecular characterization of the isolated strains of V. cholerae was done. Results: 195 cases of cholera were detected from a population of 850 (attack rate 22.9%) with two deaths (Case Fatality Ratio of 1.03). A non-haemolytic polymyxin B sensitive strain of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa was isolated from 5/14 fecal samples. Molecular characterization of the isolates indicated that this strain was an altered El Tor (AET) strain. Deletion of the trinucleotide ‘GTA’ in the rstB gene, a unique feature of classical strains, was observed. Interpretation & conclusions: A cholera outbreak caused by a non-haemolytic polymixin B sensitive AET strain, occurred from July 8 to 13, 2018, in a remote settlement in western India. The molecular characterization of the outbreak strains highlighted an assortment of genetic determinants, stressing the need to monitor the genetic attributes of V. cholerae O1 in outbreaks for better understanding and mapping of clinical and epidemiological changes.
ABSTRACT
Objective The present study was conducted to identify the Vibrio cholera type and to analyze its antibiotic resistance in an epidemic of cholera in Haiyan County in 2018, which would provide the references for prevention and control of cholera. Methods Stool samples of the patient and his close contacts as well as the food and environmental samples were collected for identification of the type of Vibrio cholerae and the toxin gene. The resistance of identified Vibrio cholerae to 20 different common antibiotics were tested. Results A total of 176 samples were collected, including 101 stool samples from the case and his close contacts, 35 environmental samples and 40 food samples. Among those samples, only one strain of V. cholerae, O139, was isolated from the patient's first feces sample. It was detected as a toxin gene of ctxA positive by real-time fluorescence PCR. Antibiotic resistance test showed that the strain was sensitive to norfloxacin, levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, cefotaxime, cephalothin, ampicillin, and amoxicillin. It was 100% resistant to tetracycline, doxycycline, neomycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, and rifampicin. Conclusion V. cholerae O139 strain with ctxA is detected in an epidemic of cholera. Norfloxacin, levofluoxacin and some other antibiotics could be used for clinical treatment and prevention. It should pay attention to this strain of V. cholera regarding the multiple drug resistance and the change of antibiotic resistance.
ABSTRACT
Cholera is endemic in over 50 countries with an estimated mortality of 100,000-120,000. Vaccination is considered the complementary key to prevent and control cholera; therefore, alternative vaccine preparations are needed. Toxin Co-regulated Pilus is part of the toxR virulence regulon, which is necessary for colonization in the intestinal mucosa. In order to express Vibrio cholerae TcpA protein in Saccharomyces boulardii, the expression plasmid pYES2 was constructed by inserting tcpA gene isolated from local Vibrio cholerae Eltor Inaba isolates. The new construct was transferred into Saccharomyces boulardii cells and the expression of tcpA gene was induced from the GAL1 promoter by adding galactose to the medium. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis showed the presence of TcpA in yeast. These results showed that Saccharomyces boulardii is a promising host to express Vibrio cholerae toxin TcpA as the first step in attempt to produce an oral Vibrio cholerae vaccine(AU)
El cólera es endémico en más de 50 países. Se estima una mortalidad entre 100.000 - 120.000 debido a esta enfermedad. La vacunación se considera una medida complementaria para prevenir y controlar el cólera, por lo tanto, se necesitan preparaciones vacunales alternativas a las existentes. El Pili corregulado con la toxina, es parte del regulón de virulencia toxR, y es necesario para la colonización en la mucosa intestinal. Para expresar la proteína tcpA de Vibrio cholerae en Saccharomyces boulardii, se construyó el plásmido de expresión pYES2 insertando el gen tcpA obtenido a partir de aislamientos locales de Vibrio cholerae El Tor Inaba. La nueva construcción se transfirió a las células de Saccharomyces boulardii y se indujo la expresión del gen tcpA a partir del promotor GAL1 mediante la adición de galactosa al medio. El análisis mediante SDS-PAGE y Western blot demostró la presencia de TcpA en levaduras. Los resultados demostraron que Saccharomyces boulardii es un hospedero prometedor para expresar el gen tcpA de Vibrio cholerae como el primer paso en el intento de producir una vacuna oral contra Vibrio cholerae(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Cholera Vaccines/therapeutic use , Cholera/mortality , Cholera/prevention & control , Escherichia coli Infections , Saccharomyces boulardii/drug effectsABSTRACT
Waterborne diseases are mainly caused by consuming food or water tainted with faecal matter or urine of human or animal which contains pathogens. Records have shown that YobeState is one of the states in Nigeria that have recorded mortalities due to waterborne infections. Thisstudy is aimed at identifying common waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, infectious hepatitis, giadiasis, amoebiasis, and dracunculiasis between 2017 and 2019 in three local Government Areas (L.G.As) of Yobe State. Personal interview was employed to generate information from the local people on sources of drinking water in three sampled geo –political wards (Bade, Nguru and Machine L.G.As). Results revealed that most of the dwellers in the study area drink from non –potable water sources such as faucets, hand pump, wash boreholes, wells, rivers, pools and creeks. Results also show that people from the study area do not drink potable water. A total of 1204 cholera cases were reported between 2017 and 2019 in the study areas with Machina L.G.A having the highest number of cases (446) representing 37.04% of the total cases. Mortality due to cholera outbreak in all the surveyed LG.As was 124 with Bade L.G.A having the highest number (43) constituting 34.68% of total mortalities in the study areas. A total of 11,938 persons were infected with typhoid during the study period and Nguru L.G.A recorded the highest number of infections (4,438) representing 37.18% of total infections. Gender based percentage prevalence of typhoid in the study is higher in males (52.83%) than females (47.18%). Recommendations on how to overcome the menace have been highlighted.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease which continues to be a public health problem since inception. It is a disease related to poverty, overcrowding, poor sanitation and inaccessibility to clean water. India forms a fertile ground for the sustenance and transmission of cholera. However the diagnosis of cholera doesn’t easily come to mind when dealing with cases of dehydrating diarrheas.Methods The study was a prospective cohort study conducted in a tertiary care center of North India. All patients presenting to the medicine department of this hospital with acute dehydrating diarrhea were enrolled for the study. Stool samples for hanging drop test and culture were sent in all patients to rule this cholera.Results: Eighty four patients presenting to the medicine department of this hospital with acute dehydrating diarrhea were included in this study. All the patients had loose watery stools but classical rice water stools were seen in only 20.2% of patients. Patients with rice water stools were more likely to be positive for stool culture (70.6%, n = 12/17) and hanging drop preparations (82.3%, n = 14/17) as compared to those with watery stools. The difference was found to be statistically significant for culture (70.6% vs 40.3%, p-value = 0.02) as well as hanging drop preparation (82.3% vs 47.8%, p-value = 0.01).Conclusions: The prevalence of culture positive cholera cases was found to be 46.4% out of all the cases presenting with acute dehydrating diarrhea which is quite high. Rice water stools which are considered characteristic for cholera were found in less than half of culture positive cases of cholera (43.6%, n = 17/39). Hanging drop preparation was found to have a sensitivity of 87.2% and a specificity of 86.5% in comparison to stool culture which is regarded as gold standard for diagnosis of cholera. Cholera may be considered as an ongoing epidemic with periodic surge in cases and should be suspected whenever cases of acute watery diarrhea present in increased numbers with features of severe dehydration, especially when the cases are clustered together and from a poor socio-economic background.
ABSTRACT
The observed devastating effects of cholera disease, usually instil fear in the population whenever a cholera outbreak is reported in a particular region. Cholera outbreaks have become key indicators of socialdevelopment and this is a course for concern, considering the stigmatization that accompanies it. The pathogenic V. choleraeO1/O139 (the watery diarrheal causing agent), is shed in feces, survive as free-living bacteria in water and enters a new host system through the fecoral route. There is therefor, every reason to conclude that, water and food (especially raw or undercooked shellfish), that is contaminated with feces, is the most implicated cause of outbreaks and epidemics in the endemic areas of the world. Cholera mortality rate can rise to about 50% if severe cases are left untreated, but rapid fluid replacement therapy and supportive treatment can reduce the mortality to around 1%. Prompt intervention strategies are therefore necessary if cholera deaths must be prevented and controlled. These strategies may include; getting access to good potable and clean Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities, good surveillance/community education systems, Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV), Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORS), and prompt Antibiotic treatment. However, it has been noted that most of the regions that are prone to this flesh eating diarrheal disease, are usually, low resource communities with little or no available road networks and infrastructural facilities. These major challenges render most of these cholera prone areas of the world in accessible. To assist these areas (for example the Nigerian population), in the cholera prevention and preparedness, free-of-cost cholera Vaccines have been sent from thestockpile to the affected areas. Thanks to the concerted efforts made by Gavi, WHO, and partners, who with the NCDC and Borno State Ministry of Health, have made the vaccine available (to Nigeria) and other hot spots. Moreover, the basic requirements for effective surveillance systems, (effective targeted prevention and control) and early warning units, (detection of the index cases, initiation of outbreak control measures through an integrated approach, identification of high risk areas/vulnerable populations and immediate dissemination of information with stakeholders for timely action), have now put been established in most vulnerable location/cholera hot spots in the world. Better still, the Solidarités International (SIs) which was established in Nigeria since 2016, has intervened in cholera outbreaks especially that which occurred in the Borno state in 2017. They make available to susceptible areas, multi-sectorial, life-saving humanitarian aid, especially to the internally displaced and host communities, who suffer from disease outbreaks. Combining the efforts to improve on water quality, sanitation, hygiene (WASH) and OCVs (targeting the highest risk groups first), would help overcome resource/logistical limitations and enable higher coverage. In thisreview, we seek to look at the prevention and control strategies put in place by the Government and other bodies, to reduce cholera burden in Nigeria and other cholera hotspots, and the level of effectiveness towards achieving their goals.
ABSTRACT
The severe diarrheal diseaseCholera, has gained public health importance because of its life-threatening effect. The detection of the causative agent of this disease(Vibrio cholerae(V. Cholerae)O1 or O139) from a specimen (stool, vomitus of food sample) remains a major concern in the world today. Phenotypic finger printing (the conventional methods) of the toxigenic V. choleraestrain, remains the gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis of cholera; especially during cholera epidemic outbreaks.Detection around the remote areas which are usually rampaged by these outbreaks is usually difficult due to lack of required diagnostic facilities in small laboratories.However, the use of phenotypic approaches have some major setbacks as they are usually labor-intensive and time consuming. This delays treatment commencement especially in life threatening cases.To alleviate these setbacks, rapid molecular typing techniques involvingthe Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, hybridization methods,Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE), Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST), Multiple-Locus Variable Number Tandem Repeat Analysis (MVLA), Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (FAFLP), Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) etc. represent promising tools for early detection of the pathogen V. choleraeO1/O139 even in remote areas where laboratory resources are poor. Immunoassay-based techniques like enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), coagglutination, immunofluorescence, and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), are capital/labour intensive and expensive for low resource settings. Rapid diagnostic tests based on immune-chromatography principle have also been developed for simultaneous detection of V. choleraeserogroups O1 and O139. These test kits are easy to use, transport, and fast.All these methods enable the subtyping of unrelated bacterial strains and they all operate with different accuracies, discriminatory ability, and reproducibility.This review sought to address some of the methods used in diagnosing the disease cholera, with the objective of identifying the best and easiest of the methods that can help to curb the cholera problem (deaths) often encountered, especially in low resource settings in the developing countries (Nigeria inclusive)
ABSTRACT
Para el control y prevención del cólera humano se han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias, entre las cuales, la vacunación es una de las medidas más eficaces. La evaluación preclínica de candidatos vacunales requiere de la demostración de la seguridad de los mismos, para lo cual los estudios toxicológicos son determinantes, al ser obligatorios y altamente regulados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo demostrar la relevancia de las ratas Sprague Dawley como biomodelo a través de su respuesta inmunológica al candidato vacunal contra el cólera, vax-COLER®, utilizando la técnica de determinación de anticuerpos vibriocidas. Además, evaluar los efectos toxicológicos locales y sistémicos por la administración de una dosis de vax-COLER® a través de la evaluación de síntomas, del consumo de agua y alimentos, el peso corporal y estudios anatomopatológicos. La vacuna vax-COLER® resultó inmunogénica y no evidenció síntomas ni muertes, no hubo cambios en el peso corporal y los consumos de agua y alimentos se comportaron de forma similar entre todos los grupos. Los estudios anatomopatológicos solo mostraron cambios a nivel histológico en los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos y placas de Peyer de los animales vacunados, con presencia de hiperplasia de los folículos secundarios subcapsulares, hallazgo que difirió significativamente con el resto de los grupos. Se concluye que la vacuna vax-COLER® es inmunogénica en ratas Sprague Dawley, demostrando la relevancia del biomodelo para la evaluación de la seguridad preclínica y que la aplicación de una dosis no produjo efectos tóxicos agudos generales ni locales(AU)
Different strategies have been carried out for the control and prevention of human cholera. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies. Preclinical evaluation of vaccines needs to prove their safety; whereby toxicological studies are decisive. They are mandatory and highly regulated. This study was aimed to demonstrate the relevance of Sprague Dawley rats as a biomodel, through the immunological response to vax-COLER® cholera vaccine, using the technique of determination of vibriocidal antibodies. In addition, local and systemic toxicological effects were evaluated after administration of a dose of vax-COLER®; through the evaluation of symptoms, water and food consumption, body weight and anatomopathological studies. The vax-COLER® vaccine was immunogenic and showed no symptoms or deaths. No changes in body weight were detected, and food and water consumption were similar among all groups. The anatomopathological studies showed histological changes in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the vaccinated animals, with hyperplasia of the subcapsular secondary follicles, finding that differed significantly from the rest of the groups. It is concluded that vax-COLER® vaccine is immunogenic in Sprague-Dawley rats, demonstrating the relevance of the biomodel for the evaluation of preclinical safety, as well as that the application of a single dose did not produce acute general or local toxic effects(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Cholera/prevention & control , Reference Drugs , Immunogenicity, VaccineABSTRACT
Cholera is still a problem in the world today. A huge population of deaths due to cholera disease still occur in Sub-Saharan Africa (Nigeria most especially), Asia, the Americas and other developing countries,whereapproximately 1.7 billion inhabitants are still served by faecally polluted water sources. Approximately, 2.4 billion inhabitants of these areas of the world lack the majorly required sanitary conditions of living. Legros,asserts that, as of 2019, about forty-seven countries of the globe, are still affected by cholera. Raw or undercooked, contaminated seafood, serves as a vehicle for the transmission (especially to non-endemic areas). A Case Fatality Rate of 4.87% was recorded from 34 Local Government Areas of Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Kano and Zamfara state in Nigeria by the 34thweek, in 2018, while 298 confirmed cases and 38 deaths (CFR 1.5%) were recorded from three Local Government Areas in two States (Adamawa & Borno) byEpidemiological week 41 in 2019. Cholera in some cases is regarded as a “disease of the poor” because the populations most affected are those that cannot afford to provide the basic health facilities for themselves. For example, waste management systems, and good accommodation with toilet facilities (the living and health conditions of the people) are wanting. In 2017,A Global Roadmap to 2030was launched by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC EndingCholera) to decrease the death rate due to cholera by 90%. By so doing, the disease can be eradicated from at least half of the 47 cholera-affected countries. The objectives of this roadmap are: to fortify health systems, water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH), and to coordinate different ways by which cholera can be controlled in these countries by 2030 (ensuring early detection and prompt response to contain outbreaks). This review aimed to understand the epidemiology of cholera in Nigeria, Africa and the world at large, to access the level of spread, management and preventive measures so far implemented in the endemic regions
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El presente estudio tiene como propósito analizar la epidemia de cólera en la ciudad de Chillán, Chile, la cual permite valorar las prácticas de higiene y salubridad urbana de la ciudad efectuadas por las autoridades entre los años 1880-1900. Un caso importante fue dicha epidemia, que afectó principalmente a los sectores populares ubicados en la periferia de la ciudad. Las autoridades trataron de efectuar estrategias de higiene y salubridad con el propósito de educar a la población y mejorar la calidad de vida de sus habitantes.
ABSTRACT The purpose of this study is to analyze the cholera epidemic in the city of Chillán, Chile, which allows assessing the city's hygiene and urban health practices carried out by the authorities in the period 1880-1900. This epidemic was an important case, which mainly affected the popular sectors located in the city outskirts. Authorities tried to carry out hygiene and health strategies aimed at educating the population and improving the quality of life of its inhabitants.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the extent of existing published evidence on cholera and to characterize the epidemiologic data of cholera in Nepal. Methods: We conducted a literature scoping review by summarizing published literature reporting on cholera in Nepal from January 1946 to March 2019 in online databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Global Health. Additionally, we reviewed national surveillance data on clinically diagnosed and laboratory confirmed cholera reported by the Ministry of Health and Population. Results: Most of the published studies were conducted predominantly in Kathmandu Valley during the rainy season; however, outbreaks have been reported in other parts of Nepal including Terai, Hilly and Mountain regions. Our literature review exhibited that all age groups were affected by cholera, but particularly children and young adults were at-risk age groups in Nepal. Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa has been predominantly isolated with an emergence of resistant strains since 1996. Two mass vaccination campaigns using oral cholera vaccines were conducted: Rautahat district in 2014 and Banke district in 2017. Conclusions: Capacity building for a nation wide systematic cholera surveillance with rapid and reliable diagnosis is needed to better estimate the burden of cholera and identify geographically at-risk areas associated with the disease in Nepal. It is essential for developing an adequate policy on oral cholera vaccine introduction and effective water, sanitation and hygiene interventions.
ABSTRACT
Objective To determine the epidemic characteristics of cholera in Chongming Island from 1962 to 2018 and provide evidence for administrative intervention. Methods Data of cholera reports were collected in Chongming Island from 1962 to 2018 and epidemiological characteristics were described. Results From 1962 to 2018, cholera cases were reported in 35 years in Chongming Island.A total of 1 812 cases of cholera were documented with average annual incidence being 5.12/100 000.In addition, there were 545 carriers identified with average annual proportion being 1.54/100 000.The dominant strain was Ogawa 1b in 1962-1978, 1984-1987 and 1994-1999, Inaba 1d in 1979-1983 and 1988-1993, and O139 in 2000-2018.The majority of the cases were young adults and occurred from May to October. Conclusion It would facilitate the prevention and control of cholera to improve cross-regional and cross-departmental cooperation, supervise foreign aquatic products, regulate catering services in rural areas, strengthen the monitoring of diarrheal diseases, and implement early detection of imported cases and tracking of carriers.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the extent of existing published evidence on cholera and to characterize the epidemiologic data of cholera in Nepal. Methods: We conducted a literature scoping review by summarizing published literature reporting on cholera in Nepal from January 1946 to March 2019 in online databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane, and Global Health. Additionally, we reviewed national surveillance data on clinically diagnosed and laboratory confirmed cholera reported by the Ministry of Health and Population. Results: Most of the published studies were conducted predominantly in Kathmandu Valley during the rainy season; however, outbreaks have been reported in other parts of Nepal including Terai, Hilly and Mountain regions. Our literature review exhibited that all age groups were affected by cholera, but particularly children and young adults were at-risk age groups in Nepal. Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa has been predominantly isolated with an emergence of resistant strains since 1996. Two mass vaccination campaigns using oral cholera vaccines were conducted: Rautahat district in 2014 and Banke district in 2017. Conclusions: Capacity building for a nation wide systematic cholera surveillance with rapid and reliable diagnosis is needed to better estimate the burden of cholera and identify geographically at-risk areas associated with the disease in Nepal. It is essential for developing an adequate policy on oral cholera vaccine introduction and effective water, sanitation and hygiene interventions.
ABSTRACT
Introducción: Se describen las principales pandemias en la historia de la humanidad desde a.n.e. hasta la más reciente causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Objetivo: Examinar las principales pandemias en la historia de la humanidad y su repercusión en la salud pública, ámbito social y perspectivas de la actual pandemia de la COVID-19 en el desarrollo de la sociedad. Métodos: Se revisaron las publicaciones sobre el tema en español e inglés en bases de datos de PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO y Latindex desde el 2000 hasta al 25 de mayo 2020. Resultados: Se describen los aspectos más sobresalientes de las epidemias causadas por viruela, peste bubónica, cólera, VIH/sida. gripes y la actual producida por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, atendiendo a su aparición, duración en años, fallecidos, localización mundial, países más afectados e impacto en la sociedad y ámbito sanitario. Se exponen las perspectivas sociales determinadas por la pandemia de la COVID-19. Conclusiones: Se examinan los rasgos sobresalientes, en especial las pérdidas de vidas humanas en las principales pandemias que han azotado a la humanidad, desde a.n.e. hasta la más reciente causada por el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. La sociedad en su momento actual se enfrenta a incertidumbres y retos sociales, económicos, culturales, éticos, sanitarios y existenciales, provenientes de las implicaciones que está teniendo la pandemia de la COVID-19, lo que determinará consecuencias para la salud y la vida humana. Esta pandemia es mucho más que una crisis sanitaria(AU)
Introduction: This work describes the major pandemics in the history of mankind from B.C. until the most recent caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Objective: To examine the major pandemics in the history of mankind and their impact on public health, social scopes and prospects of the current pandemic of COVID-19 in the development of mankind. Methods: There were reviewed publications on the subject in Spanish and English in databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, SciELO and Latindex from 2000 to 25 May, 2020. Results: There is a description of the most important aspects of epidemics caused by smallpox, bubonic plague, cholera, HIV/AIDS, influenzas and the current one produced by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, on the basis of their onsets, duration in years, amount of deceased, world location, most affected countries and impact on society and the health field. The social perspectives determined by the pandemic of COVID-19 are presented. Conclusions: There was an study on the outstanding features, especially the loss of human lives in the major pandemics that have plagued mankind, from B.C. until the most recent caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The global society at present time is facing uncertainties and challenges of social, economic, cultural, ethical, health and existential kind coming from the implications caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, which will determine consequences for human health and life. This pandemic is much more than a health crisis(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Plague/epidemiology , Cholera/epidemiology , Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology , Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919/history , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Disease OutbreaksABSTRACT
RESUMO As condições de saneamento básico são um dos principais determinantes nos índices de agravos à saúde humana, principalmente no tocante a doenças infectocontagiosas por veiculação hídrica. Dentre todas, destacamos neste trabalho a cólera: doença entérica causada pelas cepas toxigênicas do Vibrio cholerae (sorogrupos O1 e O139), que é caracterizada por um quadro de acentuada diarreia. O objetivo deste trabalho, por meio de levantamento de dados mundiais de Incidência de Cólera (IC) e percentual populacional de Acesso ao Saneamento (AS), é quantificar, evidenciar e discutir a relação entre esses dois indicadores no período de 2010 a 2015, assim como apontar outros possíveis fatores magnificantes de vulnerabilidade socioambiental para a patologia. No período analisado, foram registrados 1.575.168 casos da doença, com as maiores incidências na região do subcontinente áfrico-asiático e em países isolados nos demais continentes, como, por exemplo, Haiti (América) e Papua Nova Guiné (Oceania), que também apresentaram sérios problemas de acessibilidade a serviços de saneamento. Desta forma, apesar de sugerirmos a análise de outros fatores socioambientais, as condições de saneamento revelaram-se como um determinante expressivo para a incidência da cólera em todas as regiões do mundo.
ABSTRACT Health conditions are among the main factors leading to human health damages, particularly concerning infectious diseases by water transmission. Among those cholera is highlighted in this work: the virus infection of Vibrio cholerae toxicity (serogroups O1 and O139), which is characterized by marked diarrhea. Using incidence data on cholera (CI) and the population percentage of Access to Sanitation (AS) collected throughout the world, the objective of this work is to quantify, highlight and discuss relationship between those two indicators over the period from 2010 to 2015, besides pointing out other possible magnifying factors of socioenvironmental vulnerability to this pathology. Over that period, 1,575,168 cases of the illness were analyzed, showing more frequent occurrences in the region of the African-Asian subcontinent and isolated countries in the other continents, such as Haiti (America) and Papua New Guinea (Oceania), which also presented serious problems regarding the access to sanitation services. Thus, although we suggest other socioenvironmental factors to also be analyzed sanitation conditions proved to be an expressive determinant for the incidence of cholera in all regions worldwide.
ABSTRACT
Globally, the gastroenteritis or diarrhoea has become a more significant problem today due to infection causedby water-or foodborne pathogen Vibrio cholera. In this concern, an investigation was carried out to evaluatethe vibriocidal potential of the different solvent extracts of leaf and rhizome of Maranta arundinacea under invitro condition. For this, aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, and hexane extracts of both leaf and rhizome of M.arundinacea were tested against the pre-isolated strains of V. cholerae, such as SPAB1, SPAB4, and SPAB5by agar well diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method. All the solvent extracts of bothleaf and rhizome were found to be active against the tried strains of V. cholera; however, ethanolic extractshowed maximum inhibitory effect against SPAB1 strain with an inhibition zone of 26.23 ± 0.53 mm (MIC of80.00 ± 10.06 µg/ml) and 24.27 ± 0.12 mm (MIC of 100.00 ± 12.82 µg/ ml) in rhizome and leaf samples, respectively.Then, the effectiveness was followed in SPAB4 and SPAB5; however, it was not much more significant to that ofSPAB1. Therefore, it was suggested that the rhizome and leaf extracts which proved to be potentially effective canbe used as the natural alternative for the treatment of diarrhoea caused by Vibrio infection
ABSTRACT
Background: Greatest risk of acute diarrhea outbreaks occurs in over-populated communities & refugee settings characterized by poor sanitation, unsafe drinking-water and increased person to person transmission. Because the incubation period is very short, number of cases can rise extremely quickly and it calls for a prompt and thorough investigation. There were reports of cases of acute diarrhoea and based on the preliminary field work, the existence of an outbreak was confirmed. Hence it was decided to investigate the outbreak with objectives to determine the causes and source of acute diarrhoea outbreak at Narasapura village in Kolar and to suggest control measures.Methods: The cross sectional study was conducted in Narasapura village of Kolar which is a fast growing industrial area. All the households and migratory settlements of the affected area were included. Attack rates of the disease were computed, epidemic curve drawn and the results were analyzed to draw conclusions. Control measures were applied simultaneously.Results: The diarrhoea attack rate at AD colony was 10%. Males (65%) were more affected compared to females (35%). 15.4% stool samples were positive for Vibrio cholera and 18% of the water samples was found to be non-portable. Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa strain was implicated as the cause for present outbreak.Conclusions: Cholera continues to be a public health problem in migratory settings, causing disease outbreaks. Environmental risk factors and lack of awareness are the contributory factors which need to be addressed.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Con seguridad Thomas Mann es hoy en día un escritor olvidado, para los infectólogos y para todo el mundo, con apenas un selecto grupo de poquísimos lectores entre nuestros jóvenes colegas. No les hará mal, a éstos y a aquéllos, sin embargo, adquirir algún conocimiento de las ideas sobre las enfermedades infecciosas en la primera mitad del siglo XX, período en que Mann escribió las obras aquí comentadas: por el contrario puede resultarles particularmente útil si este conocimiento les llega a través de la visión muy personal del germano, quien pone el foco más en el espíritu -la voluntad, el alma en suma- que en el componente físico de la enfermedad, en la miseria corporal, ignorando de paso, desdeñosamente, a las bacterias causantes.
Surely Thomas Mann is today a forgotten writer, with only a little and selected group of readers between our young colleagues. However, perhaps could be useful for the others some knowledge about his vision of the infectious diseases in the first half of the twentieth century, when he wrote the novels here reviewed. Typhoid fever, meningitis, syphilis, tuberculosis and cholera are present in Mann's thematic from Buddenbrooks till Doktor Faustus, always with a personal focus, more on spirit -the will to live- rather than flesh and bones... or bacteria. One of his lasts and minor works let us throw an ironical glance over transplant, no so named, indeed, by Mann, who speaks of "exchange". In this second part we present tuberculosis, cholera and…transplant.